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Hybrid Kernel: 

 

Most of the commercial operating systems used hybrid kernels such as Microsoft Windows NT, 2000, XP, Vista, 7, 8, 8.1, 10, MacOS. Hybrid kernels are a benefit and combine aspects of monolithic and microkernel designs. It is an extension of microkernel with the addition of some supplementary code in kernel space and some properties of monolithic kernels to enhance the performance. 

 

Hybrid kernels are unable to load modules at runtime and like microkernel, it has some “non-essential” code in kernel space which helps to run quicker than it would be it to be in user-space.

 

Example:

XNU is a hybrid kernel that helps to developed macOS, iOS, watchOS, and tvOS operating systems.

 

Hybrid Kernel

 

 

Nano Kernel or Pico Kernel: 

 

Nano-kernel is a very small amount of kernel code executing in hardware. Abstraction layer is the lowest layer of the kernel. Nano kernel provides all services virtually including most basic like interrupt controller or time to device drivers and requirement of memory even smaller than a microkernel. 

 

Two things present here frequency and phase, where the phase is related to system clock offset and frequency related to cycle counter. Nano kernel is also used to refer to which supports a nanoseconds clock resolution. 

 

Example:

KeyKOS is a nano kernel-based operating system.